Tatarskaya Karabolka, a Tatar village, whose residents were not evacuated after the Kyshtym disaster on 29 September 1957 at the Mayak facility. The residents, including young school children, were used as “liquidators” (clean up and disposal workers) for radioactively contaminated goods and food. The population has suffered a multitude of diseases as a result of both initial and chronic exposure to ionizing radiation. Many members of the original population have died. The Government as well as scientists refer to them as a “cohort” (to be studied to gather information on the long-term impact of low dose radiation exposure).